EMF Exposure and Animal Health: What We Know and What You Can Do

An introduction to non-native electromagnetic fields, how they interact with the bioelectric systems of horses and dogs, and the practical terrain-based steps that build resilience from the inside out.

By Le Anna K. |  Rooted Saviors | Biofield App | Stewards Under Pressure

Every living body — horse, dog, human — is fundamentally an electromagnetic system. Cells maintain voltage gradients. Ions carry electrical signals. The heart generates a measurable field that extends beyond the body. Nerves fire through electrochemical cascades. Even the structured water inside cells stores and conducts charge. Life, at its most basic level, is organized electrical activity.

That biological reality means something specific in our modern world: the electromagnetic environment an animal lives in is not a neutral backdrop. It is an active input — one that either supports or disrupts the body's own electrical signaling, depending on its nature and intensity.

For most of evolutionary history, the primary electromagnetic inputs for animals were the Earth's own static magnetic field, the natural Schumann resonance frequencies of the atmosphere, sunlight across its full spectrum, and the infrared warmth of the environment. These are the fields animal biology was shaped by over millions of years. They are coherent, rhythmic, and life-compatible.

What has changed dramatically in the last century — and especially in the last two decades — is the addition of an entirely new layer of electromagnetic input: artificial, non-native fields from electrical infrastructure, wireless communication technology, and the digital devices that now pervade homes, barns, and the surrounding environment.

This post is an honest, grounded introduction to what the science says about how these fields interact with animal health, what the most important exposure sources are, and — most importantly — what a practical terrain-based response looks like.

Animals did not evolve in an environment filled with Wi-Fi, 5G, smart meters, and LED flicker. Their bioelectric systems were calibrated to the Earth's natural fields. That gap between what their biology expects and what it now receives is the terrain problem this post addresses.

What EMF Actually Is — A Plain-Language Overview

Electromagnetic field (EMF) is an umbrella term covering a wide spectrum of frequencies. Understanding the differences between them matters, because they interact with biology in quite different ways.

Extremely low frequency fields (ELF) — 0 to 300 Hz

These are generated by electrical wiring, appliances, power lines, and anything running on mains electricity. They oscillate at the same frequency as the power grid — 50 Hz in most of the world, 60 Hz in North America. ELF fields penetrate tissue easily and are present wherever electrical wiring runs through walls and floors. In barns and homes with older or improperly earthed wiring, they can be significant.

A specific subset of ELF exposure — stray voltage — occurs when electrical current leaks through the earth or through plumbing and structural metal rather than following its intended wiring path. Livestock have been documented as particularly sensitive to stray voltage, which they often detect through the ground or through contact with water pipes, metal feeders, and barn infrastructure. The threshold at which animals show behavioral and physiological responses to stray voltage is considerably lower than the threshold for humans.

Radio frequency radiation (RF) — 300 Hz to 300 GHz

This is the category that includes Wi-Fi (2.4 and 5 GHz), mobile phone signals (3G, 4G, 5G), Bluetooth, smart meters, and cordless phones. Unlike ELF fields, RF is designed to carry information and is deliberately emitted at higher intensities over distance. It is the RF category that has attracted the most research attention in recent years, particularly with the global rollout of 5G infrastructure.

RF fields are pulsed and modulated — they carry data by varying their pattern — which means they are not smooth sinusoidal waves but irregular, information-carrying signals. Some research suggests that pulsed and modulated signals may be biologically more disruptive than simple sinusoidal fields of the same intensity, though this remains an active area of investigation.

The Schumann resonance — the baseline the body evolved with

Before any of this existed, the Earth's atmosphere had its own electromagnetic signature: the Schumann resonance, generated by lightning strikes within the cavity between the Earth's surface and ionosphere. Its fundamental frequency is approximately 7.83 Hz, with harmonics at roughly 14, 21, 28, and 33 Hz. These frequencies overlap almost exactly with the range of mammalian brainwave activity — delta, theta, alpha, and low beta waves.

This is not coincidence. Animal biology evolved within this electromagnetic background. The biological clocks, stress hormones, and nervous system rhythms of mammals are entrained to these natural frequencies. When artificial fields introduce noise into this signal environment, the biological systems that depend on these natural rhythms lose some of their reference signal.

Where Exposure Comes From in Modern Animal Environments

Most discussions of EMF exposure focus on human use of devices. But animals — particularly those kept in barns, kennels, or homes — often have exposures that are comparable or greater, with no ability to move away from the source and no awareness of the issue.

Figure 1: EMF sources in the modern animal environment — from Wi-Fi and smart meters to stray voltage and synthetic bedding that blocks grounding.

In the barn and stable

Modern barns are increasingly equipped with Wi-Fi for security cameras and management systems, electric lighting that runs continuously, automated feeders and waterers, and in some cases heating systems. The electrical infrastructure itself — particularly in older barns with imperfect earthing — can create significant ELF field exposure in stall areas where horses spend many hours each day. Rubber mats, used widely for horse comfort, are electrically insulating and completely block the grounding connection between hooves and earth — removing the one natural defense that would counteract artificial field exposure.

Stray voltage deserves particular attention in livestock environments. It has been documented as a cause of reduced milk production in dairy cattle, reluctance to enter feeders and drinkers, increased nervousness, and reduced performance. Horses are similarly sensitive. A simple stray voltage test by an electrician — measuring voltage between metallic elements and the earth — is inexpensive and can reveal significant exposures that are otherwise invisible.

In the home — for dogs and indoor cats

Dogs in modern homes are exposed to the full array of residential electromagnetic sources: routers typically placed in living areas, smart meters on external walls, LED lighting in every room, and increasingly, smart home devices that emit continuous low-level RF. Dogs spend far more time in these environments than their owners — they do not commute, travel, or leave the house for work. A dog whose bed is within a few meters of a router is receiving continuous RF exposure for the majority of its life.

The sleeping location is particularly significant. During sleep, the body performs its most intensive repair and detoxification — melatonin peaks, growth hormone is released, immune surveillance is active. Disruption of this period by artificial fields that suppress melatonin or activate the nervous system has disproportionate effects on health outcomes over time.

The absence of grounding

Perhaps the most overlooked aspect of modern animal EMF exposure is not what has been added but what has been removed. For millions of years, horses and dogs maintained continuous contact with the Earth's surface — receiving a steady supply of free electrons that neutralized reactive oxygen species and stabilized the body's own electrical field against external interference. Modern management — rubber stall mats, concrete runs, indoor confinement, synthetic flooring — has systematically eliminated this natural buffer. The result is an animal that receives more artificial field exposure while simultaneously losing its primary natural defense against that exposure.

What the Science Shows — Honestly

This is where intellectual honesty matters most. The science on non-ionizing EMF and biological effects is genuinely contested in some areas, well-established in others, and actively evolving. Here is a straightforward account of what the evidence currently supports.

What is well-established

Ionizing radiation — X-rays, gamma rays — causes direct DNA damage through ionization. This is not in dispute and is not the category we are discussing here.

Non-ionizing radiation at high intensities causes thermal effects — tissue heating. This is also well-established and is the basis for current safety guidelines, which are set to prevent thermal damage.

What is more contested is whether non-ionizing radiation at intensities below the thermal threshold causes biological effects through non-thermal mechanisms. Here the evidence is more nuanced — but it is not empty.

The calcium channel research — the strongest mechanistic case

The most compelling mechanistic research comes from cell biologist Martin Pall, whose 2013 review documented voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation as a primary cellular response to non-thermal EMF. The mechanism is specific and testable: external electromagnetic fields interact with the voltage sensor of calcium channels, causing them to open and allow excess calcium ions into the cell. This calcium influx triggers a cascade: nitric oxide production, peroxynitrite formation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage.

This mechanism explains why blocking calcium channels with drugs (calcium channel blockers) prevents the biological effects of EMF in multiple experimental studies — and why the effects show up first in tissues with high VGCC density: the nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and the reproductive system.

For animals, this is particularly significant. Horses and dogs have nervous systems that are exquisitely sensitive to their electromagnetic environment — their brains evolved to interpret subtle field changes as environmental information. Artificial field-driven calcium channel disruption in neural tissue would be expected to manifest as nervous system dysregulation: anxiety, hyperreactivity, disrupted sleep, and impaired stress recovery. These are exactly the symptoms many horse owners and dog keepers observe in chronically stressed animals without an obvious behavioral explanation.

Melatonin suppression

Multiple studies across multiple species have documented that artificial light and certain electromagnetic frequencies suppress melatonin production from the pineal gland. Melatonin is not only a sleep hormone — it is one of the body's most potent antioxidants, a key regulator of immune function, and the primary synchronizer of circadian rhythms across every organ system. Reducing its output has system-wide downstream effects.

In animals kept in artificial lighting environments — stalls with electric lighting running into the evening, kennels, or indoor homes — this melatonin suppression is likely occurring continuously alongside any EMF exposure from wireless devices. The combination of disrupted circadian signaling and direct field exposure creates compounding terrain disruption.

Wildlife and navigation disruption

Some of the most striking evidence of biological EMF sensitivity comes from studies of animals that use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. European robins exposed to weak radio frequency fields in the human-technology range lost their ability to orient using the geomagnetic field — but only when the RF exposure was present. The effect was abolished by metallic shielding. Bees exposed to mobile phone signals showed disrupted hive behavior and in some studies, failure to return to the hive. These are highly sensitive biological magnetoreception systems demonstrating clear responses to artificial field exposure at intensities well within the range of modern environments.

The significance for horses and dogs is indirect but real: if navigation-specialist species show measurable disruption at these field levels, the assumption that other species' bioelectric systems are entirely unaffected requires justification, not assumption.

Figure 2: Three pathways through which non-native EMF interacts with the bioelectric body — calcium channel disruption, melatonin suppression, and biofield coherence loss.

What remains contested

Whether everyday Wi-Fi and mobile phone exposure causes direct harm in humans or animals at the population level remains genuinely debated. Many studies find effects; others using different methodologies do not. The challenge is that most safety standards and most epidemiological studies were designed around thermal thresholds rather than non-thermal biological mechanisms — which means the field has been measuring the wrong endpoint for the most relevant biological questions.

What is not contested is that the body is an electromagnetic system, that artificial fields interact with it through measurable physical mechanisms, and that the cumulative load of artificial field exposure in modern environments is historically unprecedented for the biology that is receiving it. The precautionary position — reduce unnecessary exposure and build the terrain's natural resilience — does not require the science to be settled. It requires only that the plausible risk be taken seriously proportionate to the ease of the mitigation.

Why Animals May Be More Sensitive Than We Realize

Several biological features make horses and dogs potentially more sensitive to electromagnetic environmental changes than the existing research — which is overwhelmingly conducted on humans or laboratory rodents — would directly suggest.

Size and surface-area-to-volume ratio

Smaller animals have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio relative to their body mass, which means a proportionally larger fraction of their tissue is within a few centimeters of external surfaces — including the skin and gut, both of which are key sites of field interaction. Dogs, particularly small breeds, may absorb a proportionally greater dose of RF radiation from a nearby router than a human in the same space.

Proximity and duration

Animals do not choose their resting locations relative to EMF sources. A dog whose bed is placed near a router sleeps there for eight to twelve hours a day, every day. A horse in a stall with a Wi-Fi router on the barn wall is in that field for the majority of every twenty-four-hour period. The continuous nature of animal exposure — compared to the more varied exposure of a human who moves through multiple environments — means chronic low-level exposure is the default for many animals in modern management.

Sensory and nervous system sensitivity

Horses are prey animals with extraordinary sensory sensitivity — their nervous systems evolved to detect environmental signals that would be invisible to predators. This includes sensitivity to magnetic fields, infrasound, and subtle environmental electrical changes that humans cannot consciously perceive. The same neural sensitivity that makes a horse aware of a barely-perceptible change in its environment makes that nervous system potentially more responsive to non-native field inputs.

Dogs have magnetoreception — they preferentially align their bodies along the north-south geomagnetic axis when defecating in undisturbed conditions, a behavior disrupted when local magnetic fields are disturbed. This is a clear demonstration of magnetic sensitivity operating in everyday canine behavior.

No ability to remove themselves from the source

A human who is concerned about EMF exposure can choose to move away from a router, turn off a smart meter, or sleep with devices in another room. An animal in a stall or a home has no such agency. Whatever electromagnetic environment they are placed in is the one they inhabit continuously. This makes the management choices of owners and caregivers — where devices are placed, what the barn electrical infrastructure looks like, how much outdoor grounding time is provided — the only available intervention.

Signs That May Suggest EMF Sensitivity in Your Animal

It is important to say clearly: none of these signs are diagnostic of EMF exposure. Every one of them can have other causes — and other causes should always be investigated first. But in animals showing these patterns without an obvious explanation, electromagnetic environment is worth considering as a contributing factor.

In horses

• Unexplained increase in anxiety, spookiness, or reactivity — particularly if it has worsened over time without a training or management explanation

• Reluctance to stand in certain areas of the stall or barn — horses may be detecting stray voltage or field gradients and communicating their discomfort by avoiding specific spots

• Disrupted sleep patterns — a horse that does not lie down normally or seems unable to enter deep rest may be experiencing nervous system dysregulation

• Reduced performance despite good management — when nutrition, training, and veterinary health are addressed but performance remains below expectation

• Reluctance to approach waterers or metal feeders — a classic indicator of stray voltage exposure in livestock

• Worsening of inflammatory conditions (laminitis, skin conditions, gut issues) without clear dietary explanation — chronic oxidative load from EMF-driven ROS may be compounding other inflammatory triggers

In dogs

• Chronic anxiety or hyperreactivity without a clear behavioral trigger

• Disrupted sleep — restlessness, difficulty settling, waking repeatedly

• Avoidance of certain areas in the home — particularly near routers, smart meters, or electrical panels

• Worsening of skin conditions, gut issues, or immune problems despite dietary management

• Increased sensitivity to sound, touch, or movement — a hyperactivated nervous system

• Poor recovery from illness or training — oxidative terrain unable to support efficient repair

What You Can Do — The Two-Track Approach

The practical response to EMF exposure runs on two parallel tracks: reduce unnecessary exposure where it is reasonably possible, and build the animal's terrain resilience so that the exposures that remain are handled from a position of strength. Both tracks matter — and the second is arguably more powerful than the first, because it addresses the underlying biological vulnerability rather than only the external source.

Figure 3: The two-track practical response — reducing exposure where possible while building terrain resilience from the inside out.

Track 1: Reduce unnecessary exposure

In the barn and stable:

• Have a qualified electrician check for stray voltage if you suspect it — measure between all metal elements (water pipes, feeders, stall fittings) and a good earth. This is particularly important if horses are reluctant to drink, show unusual behavioural patterns in specific stall locations, or if the barn has older wiring

• Ensure all electrical equipment and metal structures in the barn are properly earthed — a missing or degraded earth connection is the most common cause of stray voltage in livestock facilities

• Move any Wi-Fi routers away from stall areas where horses spend extended periods. If connectivity is needed for security cameras, consider a wired connection rather than wireless in the main barn area

• Where possible, use natural lighting supplemented by full-spectrum light rather than standard LED fixtures in sleeping and resting areas — LEDs produce blue-spectrum light that suppresses melatonin and some models produce significant flicker

• Consider replacing rubber stall mats in resting areas with clay, packed earth, or conductive matting systems — recovering even partial grounding contact for horses that spend significant time indoors

In the home for dogs:

• Move the Wi-Fi router away from the dog's sleeping area — ideally to a location where the dog does not spend prolonged periods. Even a few metres of additional distance significantly reduces RF exposure intensity

• Turn off the router at night — most home devices connect to the internet infrequently during sleeping hours, and switching the router off removes the main source of continuous RF in the sleeping environment

• Avoid placing the dog bed near smart meters (typically on an external wall), electrical panels, or large appliances

• Choose ceramic or stainless steel food and water bowls rather than electronic smart feeders that emit their own RF signals

• Maximize natural light access during the day and minimise artificial light in the evening — this supports natural melatonin rhythm independently of any EMF consideration

Track 2: Build terrain resilience — the more powerful intervention

The terrain-building approach works on the same framework we apply across all Rooted Saviors content: remineralize, restore electron balance, reduce oxidative load, and rebuild cellular coherence. In the context of EMF exposure, each layer has specific relevance.

Daily grounding — the most direct countermeasure

Grounding works in two ways that are directly relevant to EMF exposure. First, direct contact with the Earth provides free electrons that neutralize the reactive oxygen species generated by voltage-gated calcium channel overactivation — directly counteracting the primary cellular mechanism through which non-native EMF causes harm. Second, the Earth's own electromagnetic field — including the Schumann resonance frequencies — acts as a biological reference signal that helps re-entrain the body's own rhythms after they have been disrupted by artificial field exposure.

For horses, this means genuine pasture time with hooves on natural earth — not rubber-matted turnout. For dogs, it means daily time with bare paws on grass, soil, or natural stone. The goal is a minimum of 20–30 minutes of direct contact daily, though longer is better during periods of significant artificial field exposure. Morning sunlight during grounding time reinforces circadian restoration by providing the full-spectrum light signal the pineal system needs to maintain melatonin rhythm.

Remineralize — power the calcium channel regulation system

Magnesium is the most critical mineral in the context of EMF exposure because it is the primary physiological regulator of calcium channel activity. Magnesium and calcium are counter-regulatory — magnesium blocks calcium channels and prevents excessive calcium influx when channels are inappropriately activated by external fields. A horse or dog that is magnesium-deficient has less natural buffer against the voltage-gated calcium channel effects of non-native EMF.

Zinc supports the antioxidant enzyme systems (superoxide dismutase) that neutralize the ROS cascade downstream of calcium channel overactivation. Selenium supports glutathione peroxidase, which handles lipid peroxides generated during mitochondrial oxidative stress. These are not abstract supplementation points — they are the specific enzyme systems that manage the downstream consequences of the primary EMF cellular mechanism.

• Seaweed meal or kelp — broad-spectrum trace minerals including magnesium, zinc, and iodine

• Free-choice mineral salt with a full trace mineral profile

• Magnesium supplementation (oxide, glycinate, or chloride depending on the animal and context) — particularly for anxious, hyperreactive, or muscle-tense animals

• Zinc and selenium appropriate to regional soil levels

Antioxidant support — address the ROS cascade

Because the primary cellular harm pathway from non-native EMF runs through oxidative stress — calcium channel overactivation generating peroxynitrite, which generates ROS — antioxidant support is directly relevant. The goal is to ensure the body has sufficient electron-donating capacity to neutralize the ROS load that artificial field exposure generates on top of the body's natural metabolic ROS production.

• Turmeric with black pepper and fat — curcumin directly reduces NF-κB inflammatory signaling and acts as an electron donor; particularly relevant given that peroxynitrite (the downstream product of VGCC activation) is a potent NF-κB activator

• Spirulina and chlorella — phycocyanin in spirulina is among the most potent natural peroxynitrite scavengers identified; directly targets the molecule most responsible for EMF-driven oxidative harm

• Vitamin E (natural tocopherol) — the primary lipid-phase antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from peroxidation caused by ROS cascade

• Vitamin C from whole food sources — water-phase antioxidant; regenerates oxidized vitamin E and supports glutathione recycling

Natural light restoration — rebuild melatonin and circadian rhythm

Daily exposure to natural sunlight — particularly morning light — is the most reliable way to restore melatonin rhythm and circadian coherence in animals whose pineal systems are being disrupted by artificial light and field exposure. Infrared wavelengths in natural sunlight also directly support mitochondrial repair, which is relevant given that mitochondrial function is one of the primary targets of EMF-driven oxidative damage.

For horses and dogs, this means prioritising outdoor time in natural light as a non-negotiable daily practice rather than an optional add-on. Even overcast outdoor light provides dramatically more circadian-relevant spectrum than any indoor artificial lighting. Early morning outdoor time — when both UV levels are low enough for comfort and near-infrared is abundant — is ideal.

Red light therapy — targeted mitochondrial repair

Red and near-infrared light therapy (630–850 nm) directly supports cytochrome c oxidase function — the enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain that is most vulnerable to the nitric oxide and peroxynitrite generated by VGCC overactivation. By restoring mitochondrial function, red light therapy addresses the energy deficit that accumulates in cells under chronic EMF-driven oxidative stress.

For animals in high-exposure environments, red light therapy three to five times per week — five to fifteen minute sessions — can support recovery from the daily oxidative load that artificial field exposure imposes, alongside the other terrain work described above.

An Honest Perspective — What This Post Is and Is Not Claiming

This topic exists in a space where it is easy to either dismiss the concern entirely or overclaim certainty that the science does not yet support. We want to be clear about where we stand.

We are not claiming that Wi-Fi causes cancer in dogs, or that 5G is the cause of chronic illness in horses, or that removing your router will cure your animal's health problems. The evidence does not support those specific claims.

What we are saying is:

• Animal bodies are electromagnetic systems that evolved in a very different field environment than the one modern management places them in

• There are specific, documented cellular mechanisms — particularly voltage-gated calcium channel activation — through which non-native EMF fields interact with biology at sub-thermal intensities

• Melatonin suppression by artificial light and field frequencies is well-documented and has system-wide downstream effects

• Animals in modern management lose their primary natural defence against artificial field exposure through the elimination of grounding contact

• The precautionary steps outlined in this post — reducing unnecessary exposure, grounding daily, remineralizing, providing antioxidant support, and restoring natural light rhythms — are all positive for animal health independently of EMF, and become more important in a world where artificial field exposure is unavoidable and increasing

The terrain-based approach does not require the EMF science to be fully settled to be worth doing. It requires only that we take seriously the biological reality that our animals are living in an electromagnetic environment their physiology was not designed for — and that we do what we reasonably can to reduce that gap and strengthen the terrain that must navigate it.

You cannot eliminate your animal's exposure to the modern electromagnetic environment. You can reduce unnecessary sources, and you can build the terrain that gives the body the resources to manage what remains. That is the practical response — and it is meaningful.

To explore the full terrain-based wellness approach for horses and dogs at Rooted Saviors, visit rootedsaviors.com.

Note: This post is for informational and educational purposes. If you believe stray voltage is affecting your animals, consult a qualified electrician for testing. For health concerns in your animals, always work with a qualified veterinarian. The terrain-based practices described here are supportive and complementary — not replacements for veterinary care.

Sources & Further Reading

1.  Pall M.L. (2013). Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects  —  Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine — the primary mechanistic review of VGCC activation by non-thermal EMF.

2.  Pall M.L. (2016). Microwave frequency EMFs produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression  —  Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy — downstream neurological effects of VGCC activation by RF fields.

3.  Wiltschko R. et al. (2015). Magnetoreception in birds: the effect of radio-frequency fields  —  Journal of the Royal Society Interface — European robins lose geomagnetic navigation under weak RF exposure.

4.  Begall S. et al. (2008). Magnetic alignment in grazing and resting cattle and deer  —  PNAS — cattle and deer show magnetic field alignment behaviour demonstrating magnetoreception.

5.  Hart V. et al. (2013). Dogs are sensitive to small variations of the Earth's magnetic field  —  Frontiers in Zoology — dogs align along geomagnetic north-south axis under stable magnetic conditions.

6.  Halgamuge M.N. (2013). Pineal melatonin level disruption in humans due to electromagnetic fields  —  Journal of Pineal Research — mechanism of melatonin suppression by artificial electromagnetic fields.

7.  Chevalier G. et al. (2012). Earthing — health implications of reconnecting to the Earth's surface electrons  —  J Environmental and Public Health — grounding, electron donation, ROS neutralisation and biological effects.

8.  Oschman J.L. et al. (2015). The effects of grounding on inflammation, immune response, and wound healing  —  Journal of Inflammation Research — grounding as terrain restoration in the context of oxidative stress.

9.  Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. Stray Voltage on Farms — causes, effects, and mitigation  —  USDA technical guidance on stray voltage in livestock environments, detection, and infrastructure solutions.

10.  Hamblin M.R. (2017). Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation  —  AIMS Biophysics — red light therapy and mitochondrial repair, directly relevant to EMF-driven mitochondrial stress.

11.  Glaser R. & Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction  —  Nature Reviews Immunology — cortisol and autonomic nervous system effects on immunity; parallel to EMF-driven cortisol elevation.

12.  Lerchl A. et al. (2015). Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits  —  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications — sub-threshold RF effects on tumor promotion in animal models.

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